Although still a young league by global standards, Major League Rugby is entering it’s 8th season in 2025 and has come along leaps and bounds since that inaugural season back in 2018. While enjoying the 2024 season unfold as a real neutral for the first time, one recurring thought kept coming to me: ‘Wow, another yellow card?’. It felt like almost every game had at least 1 card, and the majority had a few. So, now that the off-season has freed up some of my time, I decided to crunch the numbers on this, and see how 2024 compared with previous MLR seasons in terms of the amount of cards shown.

Obviously, there are a few caveats to list. Firstly, the 2018 season only had 7 teams that played 8 regular season games total. Including playoffs, this is only 31 games in total so the total yellow & red cards awarded in 2018 will be far lower than other seasons. Similarly, the truncated 2020 season saw each team only play 5 games each for a total of 30 games. To help overcome these caveats, I also calculated the average yellow & red cards per game for each season.

Historical Carding

Lets begin by taking a look at the number of red & yellow cards per season, from MLR’s inaugural season in 2018 to the 2023 season. It should be no surprise that 2018 saw the fewest yellow (30) & red (3) cards in MLR history. Also unsurprisingly, once we see the league expand to a 16 game regular season with more than the 7 teams in MLR, we see more cards. As you can see from the bar chart below, we have seen a general increase in both red & yellow cards from season to season.

Worth noting is the 2020 season. As mentioned in the introduction, the season was cut short by COVID-19 after each team played only 5 games, totaling 30 games that year. While this makes it tricky to compare with 2019, or 2021-2024, it’s only 1 game fewer than the 2018 season and while there was only 1 red card that season (fewer than the 3 in 2018), there were 45 yellow cards. This is FIFTEEN more yellows than in the 2018 season. While it’s impossible to know how the 2020 season would’ve played out, it’s almost a guarantee that there would have been more than the 68 yellow cards and 3 reds in 2019.

The average number of yellow cards per game (YCpG) hovered just below 1 between 2018-2019, but rose to 1.5 during the 2020 season and although this is the smallest sample size we have, the average has not fallen back below 1 YCpG since 2019. Moving forward in time slightly, the 2021 MLR season saw almost twice as many total cards (129) as the previous full season in 2019 (71). The 2021 season had 99 games in total, a significant jump from the 75 in 2019 and this can be explained by the increase in teams from 9 to 12. Roughly a 33% increase in games matches up with a 33% increase in the number of teams. The YCpG and Red Cards per Game (RCpG) both increased from 2019, but the YCpG fell from 1.5 in 2020 to 1.23 in 2021.

The change between the 2021 season and the 2022 season in interesting. While the overall number of cards increased ever so slightly (129 to 131), 2022 is the only Major League Rugby season that saw fewer yellow cards handed out than the season before (not counting 2020), a slight decrease from 122 to 120. Interestingly, the 2022 season was the first MLR season to feature a Television Match Official (TMO) for every game, and had the most teams in league history, with 13 teams competing for the Shield that was ultimately won by Rugby New York following a dramatic end to the regular season. Consequently, there were 10 more games in 2022 than in 2021 for a total of 109 games in the season, the most games in a MLR season to date. Although red cards rose above 10 for the first time ever, the total number of yellows went down and as a result, so did the YCpG. Falling from 1.23 in 2021 to 1.10 in 2022, the second season in a row that the YCpG fell.

This wouldn’t last into 2023 however, as the YCpG rose to 1.29 and the RCpG reached a high of 0.12, with 130 yellows and 12 reds in 101 games for a total of 142 cards. All three of these were all-time highs. Even though there was an increase in cards in 2023, it wasn’t a significant jump despite reaching all-time highs across the board. Generally speaking, cards were around the same level for the three MLR seasons between 2021-2023, averaging 124 yellows and 10 reds per season. Both yellow and red cards increased by under 10% from 2022 to 2023, by far the lowest Year-over-year (YoY) increases in MLR history.

Last Season – 2024

Remember that thought that kept coming to me during the 2024 season: ‘Wow, another yellow card?!‘. After crunching the numbers, it seems like there was something to that thought.

The 2024 season had 103 games in total, around normal for full seasons in the ‘Conference Era’ (2021-2024). In those 103 games, a massive 180 yellow cards were shown, and 17 red cards. This is around a 40% increase to both yellows and reds from 2023,. In numerical terms: FIVE more red cards and FIFTY more yellows. The YCpG and RCpG for the 2024 MLR season skyrocketed to all time highs of 1.75 and 0.17 respectively. More games had at least two yellow cards than just one, and almost 1 in 5 games had a red card shown. The only area that stayed roughly level was the number of red cards as a percentage of total cards, which has stayed roughly level for three seasons now, around 8-9%. So the numbers and charts clearly show a huge jump in cards handed out in the 2024 season, but why? What is the reason or the explanation for this increase? While I don’t have the answer, here’s my theory:

In February 2024 MLR and USA Rugby announced a collaboration on referee development. ‘This collaboration is aimed at solidifying a pathway for domestic referees into MLR in the lead up to Rugby World Cup 2031’. As part of this collaboration, former IRFU National Referee Manager David Wilkinson was appointed as Director of Match Officials, a role which will ‘manage all aspects of officiating in MLR’. With a new man in charge of officiating, MLR’s first Director of Match Officials, it’s possible that Wilkinson has tightened up officiating on a lot of things that may have been missed in previous seasons. Additionally, as MLR grows the quality of the game improves and, by necessity, the general quality of officiating improves with it.

It seems possible to me that the addition of MLR’s Match Official Management Team has resulted in a jump in the quality of officiating generally in order to match the improvement of the quality of play in MLR over the next 5 years. Teams and players were caught short by this jump in 2024, hence the large increase in the number of cards. It wouldn’t surprise me to see the number of cards for 2025 stay around the same level, or even drop as they adapt to playing with Wilkinson’s Match Official team.

This article identifies general trends in the overall number of cards per season in Major League Rugby between 2018-2024. For a breakdown of which teams receive the most cards overall and per season, and the highest number of cards in a single game, you’ll have to wait for next week’s article.

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